Thyroid disorders in children can have a major impact on their growth, development, and overall health. The thyroid gland, located in the neck, plays a key role in regulating metabolism, energy levels, and growth by producing hormones like thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). In children, thyroid problems usually show up as either hypothyroidism — when the gland doesn’t produce enough hormones — or hyperthyroidism, where it produces too much. These conditions can be caused by autoimmune diseases, genetic defects, or even as a side effect of treatments like cancer therapy. Early diagnosis and proper management are crucial to prevent long-term problems.

Hypothyroidism is the most common thyroid disorder in children. It can cause symptoms like tiredness, weight gain, feeling cold easily, and slower growth and development. In newborns, congenital hypothyroidism can lead to serious developmental delays if not caught and treated quickly. That’s why many countries screen newborns for thyroid issues right after birth, allowing for early treatment with hormone replacement therapy.
Hyperthyroidism, often caused by Graves’ disease, can lead to symptoms like rapid heartbeat, weight loss, and anxiety. Both conditions need careful monitoring to help children grow and develop normally.

Treating thyroid disorders in children requires a team approach. Regular blood tests to check hormone levels, sticking to prescribed medications, and educating families about the condition are all important parts of care. Pediatric endocrinologists create personalized treatment plans based on each child’s specific needs. In some cases of hyperthyroidism, surgery or radioactive iodine therapy might be necessary. Ongoing support and regular follow-ups are essential to manage the condition well and to prevent complications.

By focusing on early diagnosis and effective treatment, healthcare providers can help children with thyroid disorders lead healthy, active, and fulfilling lives.